Research projects

Prof. Dr. Hylke Dijkstra (Project Coordinator) and Dr. Clara Weinhardt (Deputy Coordinator) have received funding from the Horizon Europe funding scheme for the project 'ENSURED: Transforming and Defending Multilateralism: European Union Support for more Robust, Effective and Democratic Global Governance'. From UM, Mirko Heinzel, Dr. Soetkin Verhaegen and Dr. Lilian Tsourdi are involved  in the project.

ENSURED, a project funded by Horizon Europe with 14 partners from the EU, US and the BRICS, studies how the EU and its members, in a contested world in transition, can transform and defend global governance to make it more robust, effective and democratic. Integrating different literatures on international institutions and EU foreign policy, ENSURED develops a conceptual framework on global governance transformation. Through case studies of five policy areas, a quantitative analysis and expert survey, ENSURED empirically assesses and compares the unexploited potential for global governance transformation. It thus highlights areas where global governance transformation is most likely. Based on this empirical analysis, ENSURED provides support for the EU and its members to lead the transformation and defence of multilateralism. ENSURED thus advances our knowledge about global governance transformation and provides the EU and its members with the tools to navigate a world in transition.

Project partners

• KU Leuven, Belgium
• Centre for European Policy Studies, Belgium
• Charles University, Czech Republic
• University of Tartu, Estonia
• University of Potsdam, Germany
• Global Public Policy Institute, Germany
• European University Institute, Italy
• Istituto Affari Internazionali, Italy,
• CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation, South Africa
• Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
• Tufts University, United States
• University of International Business and Economics, China
• PUC Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dr. Mariëlle Wijermars has, together with an international consortium lead by PI Lovise Aalen of the Chr. Michelsen Institute, received funding from the Horizon Europe funding scheme for the project ‘ARM: The long arm of authoritarian states’.

The project explores how authoritarian states suppress information and will deliver a practitioners’ toolkit for how to counter it. More specifically, the project will analyse how Russia, China, Ethiopia and Rwanda seek to suppress independent voices and information, with a special focus on how this information suppression affects EU states and diaspora communities that have settled in the EU.

Project partners:

• Chr. Michelsen Institute
• University of Helsinki
• Hertie School
• Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences
• University of Tartu
• Riga Stradins University
• University of Tromsø
• University of Bergen
• WZB Social Science Center
• Lund University

Together with 12 partners from across Europe, Dr. Gergana Noutcheva, Dr. Assem Dandashly and Prof. Dr. Hylke Dijkstra received funding from the Horizon Europe funding scheme for the project 'REUNIR – Resilience, Enlargement, Union, Neighbourhood, International Relations: Future-proofing EU security, Enlargement and Eastern neighbourhood policies for a new age of international relations'.

REUNIR examines how the EU can strengthen its foreign and security toolboxes to bolster the resilience and transformation of (potential) candidate countries in a new age of international relations. By granting candidate status to Ukraine and Moldova and a European perspective to Georgia, the EU has rejected a Russian sphere of influence and instead determined where its future borders should lie. But this decision has not yet led to policies tailored to effectively respond to a geopolitical context which also sees China and other state actors competing for influence. REUNIR empirically assesses foreign threats to the military, socio-economic and democratic resilience of 9 neighbouring countries, determines capability shortfalls, maps local perceptions of the EU’s support and political perspectives inside the EU on neighbourhood relations. Outlining scenarios up to 2035, REUNIR offers evidence-based policy recommendations to mitigate malign foreign interference and strengthen the EU’s external action.

Project partners:

• Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS)
• Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
• College of Europe, Natolin (COEN)
• Sorbonne Nouvelle (SN)
• Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi)
• Maastricht University (UM)
• International Centre for Defence and Security (ICDS)
• University of Graz (UG)
• Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP)
• National University of ‘Kyiv-Mohyla’ academy (NaUKMA)
• Institute for European Policies and Reforms (IPRE)
• Georgian Institute of Politics (GIP)

Dr. Giselle Bosse has, together with an international consortium, funding from the European Horizon funding scheme for the project ‘InvogratEU’.

The project focuses on invigorating change of the EU‘s political perspective for the Eastern Neighbourhood and the Western Balkans, and on examining options for a resilient Europe. Giselle Bosse, together with Richard Youngs (Carnegie Europe), will lead the work package on ‘Innovative perspectives on democratising countries in the eastern neighbourhood and western Balkans in contexts of contested territory’.

Dr. Iskander de Bruycker has received funding from the NWO's Vidi scheme for the project 'ACCESS4ALL: Equal access for all lobbyists'. 

ACCESS4ALL examines whether policymakers are accessible to all lobbyists, regardless of their societal background. Ideally, policymakers exchange with lobbyists with different socio-demographic profiles. Yet, the ACCESS4ALL project expects that policymakers predominantly exchange with lobbyists who resemble them; lobbyists of the same age, gender and ethnic background. The ACCESS4ALL project group tests its expectations within the European policy context through desk research, focus groups, large-scale surveys and vignette experiments. Based on this research, it proposes strategies to make access to EU policymakers more open and inclusive.

Dr. Janosch Prinz has received funding from the NWO Open Competition SSH XS for the project ‘Banking on democracy. Evaluating the democratic justifiability of money creation by commercial banks’.

The project reconstructs and evaluates the justifications for the money creation powers of commercial banks in the Eurozone, as offered by bankers, their public supervisors, and civil society organizations working on monetary reform. Commercial banks are responsible for ca. 95% of money creation today by providing credit. They decide about their extension of credit based on profit calculations. This means that commercial banks' profit calculations shape which kinds of projects go ahead. If the money creation powers of commercial banks stand in tension with the democratic collective in determining the direction of societal development, how could these powers be justified?

NAVIGATOR is a 4-year research project. From PCE, Dr. Yf Reykers is involved. NAVIGATOR seeks to answer the following questions: how should the EU navigate the increasingly complex – and conflict-laden – institutional spaces of global governance to advance a rules-based international order? And what factors should be emphasized when considering which institutions to strengthen, which to reform, and which to by-pass when revitalising multilateralism?

NAVIGATOR’s main objective is to answer these questions and deliver a ready-to-use “search mechanism” and associated pathways of action that the EU and its member states can use as it seeks to strengthen a rules-based international order.

To achieve this, NAVIGATOR comprises a strong, global and inter-disciplinary team of researchers who explores institutional variation on six policy issues – climate change, digitalisation, finance/tax, health, migration and security – to identify what institutional mixes that enables the EU to have optimal impact in a given policy issue. This project receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the European Commission’s Horizon Europe Call. The project runs from January 2023 until December 2026.

Project leadership:

John Karlsrud, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

Project partners:

• Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• Copenhagen Business School
• Université Libre de Bruxelles
• Universiteit Maastricht
• University of Witwatersrand
• Universita Commerciale Luigi Bocconi
• Stichting VU, Operating Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
• European Council on Foreign Relations
• The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Tallinna Tehnikaülikool
• University of Ottawa (associated partner)
• Waseda University (associated partner)

The research project EMBRACing changE (Overcoming Blockages and Advancing Democracy in the European Neighbourhood) aims to respond to the counter-democracy trends after the coloured revolutions and the Arab Spring. It does so through an inter-disciplinary, multi-method and cross-regional assessment of both blockages to and drivers of democratisation in 12 case study countries across Eastern Europe, Southern Caucasus, Western Balkans, Northern Africa and the Middle East.

This project has received funding from Horizon Europe.

PCE project team:

• Giselle Bosse
• Wicke van den Broek

Project partners:

• Berghof Foundation Operations gGmbH, Berlin, Germany  (Coordinator)
• Konstanz University (Germany) (Co-Coordinator)
• University of Lleida (Spain)
• Stockholm University (Sweden)
• University of Gent (Belgium)
• Elliniko Idryma Evropaikis kai Exoterikis Politikis (ELIAMEP) (Greece)
• Arab Reform Initiative (ARI) (France, Tunisia, Lebanon)
• Ukrainian Association of European Studies (Ukraine)
• Ilia State University (Georgia)
• University of Belgrade (Serbia)
• PalThink for Strategic Studies (Palestine)
• Concentris research management GmbH (Germany)
• University of Manchester (United Kingdom) – associated partner bringing their own funding

REMIT is a 4-year research project. From PCE, Prof. Sophie Vanhoonacker and Dr. Marielle Wijermars are involved. REMIT explores how, in a world where multilateralism and transnational democracy are increasingly under threat, multilateral governance can be reconceptualised through pivotal areas of technology such as digital technology, health biotechnology, security and defence technology, financial technology. 

REMIT’s main objective is to contribute to defining the EU’s role in leading the defence and renewal and of multilateralism starting with the global governance of technology and to design policy recommendations that will reignite multilateralism via technology.

To achieve this, REMIT comprises an inter-disciplinary team of researchers of international universities and thinktanks with expertise in the EU, the US an China as well as in the earlier mentioned pivotal areas of technology.

This project receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the European Commission’s Horizon Europe Call. The project runs from March 2023 until February 2027.

Project partners:

• Maastricht University, The Netherlands
• European Cyber Conflict Research Initiative, UK
• Universitatea Babes Bolyai, Romania
• Universitaet Bremen, Germany
• Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
• LUISS Libera Universita Internazionale degli Studi, Italy
• Erasmus Universiteit, The Netherlands
• Tartu Ulikool, Estonia
• Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Finland

The Hawks and Doves project examines military receptiveness to NGO calls for transparency in Western European countries. It aims to understand the conditions under which military officials are willing to cooperate with civil society to improve transparency around the use of military force and its consequences.

The project is funded by the Gerda Henkel Foundation’s special programme on Security, Society and the State.

Project team:

• Yf Reykers
• Francesca Colli
• Daphné Charotte

Faces of Trade Diplomacy: Human perceptions, memories and hopes around trade multilateralism is an online gallery that builds on research findings from Dr. Clara Weinhardt's DFG research project on global power shifts and WTO politics.

“Faces of Trade Diplomacy” centres on making global trade diplomacy more relatable. While trade is perceived as highly technical, the exhibition wishes to reveal the more human elements of trade negotiations. By bringing personal stories, memories and hopes of trade diplomats to an audience, it seeks to build a connection between those that negotiate global trading rules and the more general public. Building on the DFG research project, the exhibition seeks to contextualise and go beyond the narrative of the crisis of trade multilateralism in a multipolar era.

Pictures by: Chantelle Gomez

JOINT is an interdisciplinary research project which combines research with public opinion analysis, innovative policymaker engagement and proactive public outreach. It addresses the question: How to make EU foreign and security policy governance structures more joined-up and sustainable in a rapidly changing and contested international environment? 

JOINT has received funding from the European Commission's Horizon2020 programme. 

PCE project team:

• Dr. Assem Dandashly
• Dr. Hylke Dijkstra
• Dr. Gergana Noutcheva

Project partners:

• Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI)
• Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) 
• Free University of Berlin (FUB)
• Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique (FRS)
• Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB) 
• Transatlantic Foundation (TF)
• International Centre for Defence and Security (ICDS)
• Norwegian Institute for International Affairs (NUPI)
• University of Siena (UNISI)
• National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy (NaUKMA)
• Institute for Peace and Security Studies (IPSS)
• Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) 
• Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (EDAM)

LIMES, the Latin word for border, is a doctoral programme for 13 talented PhD candidates in the domain of the humanities and social sciences, centred on the theme of ‘The Hardening and Softening of Borders: Europe in a Globalising World’. It has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie (grant agreement No 847596).

LIMES is led by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASoS), thereby working closely with University College Maastricht (UCM), the School of Business and Economics (SBE), and the Faculty of Law (FL). 6 out of 13 PhD candidates are employed by FASoS and 1 PhD candidate is part of PCE.

NestIOr is a five-year research project entitled "Who gets to live forever? Toward an Institutional Theory on the Decline and Death of International Organisations" (2019-2023) led by Dr. Hylke Dijkstra. Dr. Marie Debre is the postdoctoral researcher in this project. NestIOr has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 802568). The project focusses on three areas: energy and environment, security, and finance.

The JM Chair by PCE member Dr. Giselle Bosse aims to contribute to broadening the focus of European Studies at the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASoS) by expanding course content and research lines dealing with the challenges and chances for the EU in a changing global context. ​Challenges include significant shifts in the global order and rising great powers, which defy established principles of liberal international order; new security threats such as hybrid and cyber warfare; climate change; and major global technological change and innovation. 

In this context, CHANCE aims to contribute to:

• strengthening research and teaching in the field of EU international relations at FASoS;
• consolidating and further developing research and teaching on the impact of a changing global context on EU politics and policies;
• supporting students and young scholars building their careers;
• increasing the visibility and relevance of FASoS research and teaching to academic and non-academic stakeholders at local, regional and national levels.

EUCTER is a Jean Monnet Research Network that provides research-led excellence in teaching and learning at the intersection of two fundamental areas of EU policy: the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, and EU counter-terrorism policy and law. 

The project aims to discover and explain if and why EU counter-terrorism cooperation, as well as external relations (i.e. CFSP/CSDP, human rights, legal dimensions, etc.) have added to an increased relevance, and if and why diplomacy can add to the counter-terrorism tool set in the EU’s cooperation with third partners via its own delegations at the bilateral and multilateral levels.

Dr. Giselle Bosse contributes to this network by providing expertise on EU counterterrorism policies in the post-Soviet area, with a focus on the implications for human rights and democracy. Dr. Yf Reykers and Dr. Mariëlle Wijermars contribute research on the cybersecurity and democratic legitimacy dimensions of EU counterterrorism policies.

The JM Chair by PCE member Dr. Gergana Noutcheva on Democracy and Integration in Europe 30 Years after the Berlin Wall addresses the internal challenges to the EU democratic acquis and their implications for the EU’s external democracy promotion role, most notably in the context of the EU enlargement policy and the Eastern Partnership by:

• Strengthening the teaching at Maastricht University of Eastern Europe, the transformation processes that the post-communist region has experienced in the past 30 years since the collapse of communism and how they have affected the internal cohesion and the external credibility of the EU with respect to its core democratic values;
• Conducting and supervising research on the democratisation and de-democratisation of postcommunist countries, including the EU’s impact on these processes, and inspiring the new generation of professionals and researchers interested in this field of study;
• Reaching out to the community of practitioners and policy makers with policy proposals and recommendations about keeping up the EU’s internal democratic quality and enhancing the EU’s external democracy support role, especially in the EU’s immediate vicinity;
• Engaging civil society members, students, teachers and the general public in a debate about the state of East-West integration as well as the future of EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood policies.

Deliberation Laboratory (DeLab): Artificial Intelligence and the Society of the Future is a four-year research project funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. It seeks to develop a moderator using artificial intelligence (AI) that can recognise escalating conflict in social media and intervene to de-escalate the situation.

The multi-disciplinary project team comprises specialists in computerised linguisitcs, philosophy, and AI, in Germany, Poland, Scotland, and the Netherlands. The UM team, led by Prof. John Parkinson, is developing and applying cultural script theory to detect the linguistic 'scripts' of conflict, before testing different AI responses in the laboratory and in the wild.

International organisations (IOs) are created with the aim of solving collective action problems when a crisis arises. Yet, member states have repeatedly established ad hoc crisis responses in situations where IOs might be expected to play a central role.

ADHOCISM asks what is the impact of ad hoc crisis responses on international organisations? In this way, ADHOCISM wants to contribute to filling this knowledge gap through a systematic study of ad hoc crisis responses in two policy domains: security and health. With this paired comparison, ADHOCISM wants to tap into a broader empirical governance phenomenon. Ad hoc crisis responses are here understood as loose groups of actors that agree to solve a particular crisis at a given time and location outside of an existing international organisation in the same policy domain. Ad hoc crisis reponses can, in the short-term, lead to more rapid and effective crisis responses among like-minded states, but if international organisations are no longer seen as the principal instruments to confront global challenges, the risk is also that the relevance of these international organisations will diminish, and similar trends may unfold in other domains.

Dr. Yf Reykers is the co-Principal Investigator of ADHOCISM. The project is funded by the Research Council of Norway (FRIHUMSAM). The project runs from September 2021 until August 2025.

Project leadership:

• John Karlsrud, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (PI)
• Yf Reykers, Maastricht University (co-PI)

Project partners:

• European University Institute
• Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
• Universiteit Maastricht
• University of Witwatersrand

RENPET (Reconceptualising European Power in an Era of Turmoil: contestation, relevance, sustainability) is a Jean Monnet Network of senior and junior scholars, policy-makers and civil society representatives that focuses on debating the political, economic and societal role of the EU in international affairs.

RENPET actively fosters cross-disciplinary and multi-national dialogue among different foreign policy stakeholders, but most prominently RENPET engages in an inclusive manner with (local) communities that are often not considered the primary interlocutors for elite-exchange on foreign policy-making.

PCE project team:

• Dr. Gergana Noutcheva
• Dr. Anna Herranz-Surrallés

Project partners:

• Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan
• ARENA Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo
• London School of Economics
• Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals (IBEI)
• KU Leuven
• Leiden University
• University College Dublin
• University of Kent
• University Association for Contemporary European Studies (UACES)
• Sabanci University

International governmental organisations (IGOs), such as the European Union (EU), United Nations and World Health Organization, are commonly seen as key actors in providing coordinated responses to crises with global dimensions. However, many IGOs have also been criticised for being too slow in their crisis responses. This is problematic, as speed matters for avoiding that crises escalate or cost lives. By studying the EU institutional architecture in the fields of health and security, this pilot project seeks to generate a set of hypotheses about how the institutional structure of IGOs can determine their crisis response time.

Dr. Yf Reykers is the Principal Investigator of this project, which is funded by a one-year grant from the NWO Open Competition Domain Social Sciences and Humanities – XS. It runs from August 2023 until May 2024.

The Jean Monnet Network project ‘ReVitalise the study of EU Single Market Integration in a turbulent age’ (VISTA) seeks to promote new research and teaching on contemporary developments in the single market in the areas of defence, the digital market, finance, and energy. It does so through the creation of new teaching materials at the involved universities, joint publications in academic journals, and policy papers.

PCE project team:

• Dr. Aneta Spendzharova
• Dr. Anna Herranz-Surrallés
• Dr. Johan Adriaensen
• Prof. Sophie Vanhoonacker

Project partners:

• University of Bristol
• Goethe University – Frankfurt
• National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (NaUKMA)
• Tallinn University of Technology
• IAI-Rome
• CEPS-Brussels

'Between Politics and Technique: Designing International Extradition Law 1945-2000' seeks to examine the history of the international law of extradition during the short twentieth Century, one of the key elements to international law enforcement and respect for the international rule of law. The project aims to study how the development of this area of law played a key role in moving international law with respect to the treatment of individuals away from a rather discrete, legal-technical enterprise in 1918, and towards a highly visible and politicised process, which now seeks to be rendered technical again to evade the influence of politics on this body of international law.

This project, led by Dr. Pablo Del Hierro, has received funding from the Gerda Henkel Stiftung.

Felix Streicher's PhD project 'The forgotten occupation: Everyday life and social interactions in the Luxembourgish occupation zone in Germany (1945-1955)' explores a case of foreign rule hitherto completely neglected in academic historical research: the Luxembourgish occupation in post-war Germany. The main focus of the project will be a detailed analysis of German-Luxembourgish social interactions inside the occupation zone through the lens of a history of everyday life, space and gender. 

This PhD research project is funded by a grant from the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR).

Photo: Musée National d’Histoire Militaire (Lux.), Fonds Aloyse Jacoby, K336_189.