Insights & resources

Being at the forefront of research on service robots, the researchers of the Maastricht Center of Robots (MCR) investigate many important issues, such as service and social robots in unstructured environments, human-robot interactions, service robots’ value creation and destruction potential, and the service triad consisting of service robots, customers, and frontline employees.

On these topics, the members of the MCR have produced many relevant publications and conference papers. Also our students have written interesting and insightful Master theses. Our most relevant projects and publications are listed below.

PhD Thesis

MCR Thesis Template

Social AI Agents in Service — Cum Laude

Dr. Marc Becker
This dissertation explores how social agents transform service interactions across work, education, and leadership, showing their role in reshaping social expectations, roles, and legitimacy.

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Beyond the Dyad

Dr. Mark Steins
This dissertation explores how service robots transform human interactions across hospitality, education, and healthcare, showing their role in reshaping service ecosystems and relationships.

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Service Robots in the Wild

Dr. Chelsea Phillips
This dissertation examines how service robots support frontline employees’ well-being in hospitality and aged care, reducing burnout and turnover while shaping human-robot work interactions.

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Designed to Serve

Dr. Martina Čaić
This dissertation examines how social robots shape value networks, highlighting their roles in elderly care, service design, and value co-creation while stressing human-centered robot design.

Key Open Publications

Article

Robots Are Here to Stay: Time to Invest in a Future We Actually Want to Live In

This editorial in Journal of Service Research highlights the transformative role of robots in services. It shifts focus from technological novelty to human–robot interaction impacts, urging wise investment in service robots to shape a future that enhances human relationships, well-being, and societal value.

Article

I Care That You Don’t Share: Confidentiality in Student-Robot Interactions

This research introduces robot teacher confidentiality, showing that students engage more when interactions are private, reducing anxiety and judgment concerns. Findings from six studies with 2,012 participants highlight how confidentiality boosts usage, especially for prevention-focused students, moderated by teacher benevolence.

Article

Service robots: Value co-creation and co-destruction in elderly care networks

This study explores the role of socially assistive robots in elderly care networks. It identifies six robot roles, enabler, intruder, ally, replacement, extended self, and deactivator, and links them to safeguarding, social contact, and cognitive support. Findings provide insights for designing robots that enhance value co-creation while minimizing co-destruction.

Article

Service robots and innovation: An ecosystem approach

This study examines service robots in healthcare ecosystems, focusing on how their roles drive innovation. It introduces Service Robot-based Innovation, highlighting the collaboration between public and private stakeholders. A case study of Ivy demonstrates its integration into long-term care to enhance patient support.

Student Projects

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Humanlike or Machinelike? How a service robot’s voice and language adaptations shape customer acceptance in retail

Ann-Kathrin Meyer collaborated with Welbo, an MCR industry partner, to study how service robots’ voice types (robotic vs. humanlike) and language styles (emotive vs. non-emotive) affect customer acceptance. Using online experiments with 402 participants, she found that a humanlike voice is most effective when paired with a humanlike appearance.

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Human-Robot Interaction: How do service robot linguistic style and voice type affect customer service encounter evaluation?

 Nina Beau collaborated with MCR partner Welbo, conducting studies with 496 participants. Her thesis shows that a humanlike voice and informal language style align best with customers’ conversational expectations. She also finds that extraversion matters: introverts prefer robots with a humanlike voice type.

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Do you want to be served by a robot? – How to ensure successful implementation of service robots in a restaurant.

Minako van Overstraeten conducted 17 interviews on service robot acceptance in restaurants, considering both customers and employees. She highlights the need for a network-conscious approach, ensuring customer satisfaction and employee well-being. Customers need clear guidance on robot use, while employees should be reassured about job security and offered ways to differentiate from robots.

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How do hospitality employees with different personality traits and experiences perceive service robot implementation into their work environment?

Gabija Norkeviciute collaborated with MCR partner Dadawan for her thesis, exploring service robot use in restaurants from an employee perspective. Through 10 in-depth interviews, she found that personality shapes employees’ views of robots, identifying two personas: the cooperator and the sceptic. Managers should adapt implementation strategies to address both.

List of Publications

Title &  HyperlinkJournal/ConferenceYear
The impact of a telepresence robot on group conditions and student engagement: A mixed-method study in higher educationThe Internet and Higher Education2025
Partner, master, or servant? How older adults experience their relationship with socially assistive robotsHandbook of Service Experience2025
Health Care Professionals' Experiences Regarding Facilitators of and Barriers to Sustained Use of Social Robot Ivy for People With Intellectual Disabilities: Qualitative Interview StudyJournal of Medical Internet Research2025
Evolution of service robots in marketing: A relational framework and future research agenda.Journal of Business Research2025
Robots Are Here to Stay: Time to Invest in a Future We Actually Want to Live InJournal of Service Research2025
The role of psychological comfort with service robot reminders: a dyadic field studyJournal of Services Marketing2025
Do we think and feel alike? Field evidence on developing a shared reality when dealing with service robotsJournal of Business Research2024
Service robots and innovation: An ecosystem approachJournal of Product Innovation Management2024
I Care That You Don’t Share: Confidentiality in Student-Robot InteractionsJournal of Service Research2024
A collaborative approach to manage continuous service innovationTechnovation2024
Introducing the Service Robot Innovation CanvasThe Impact of Digitalization on Current Marketing Strategies2024
"The Robotic-Human Service Trilemma: the challengesfor well-being within the human service triad"Journal of Service Management2023
Service robot–employee task allocation strategies: well-being within the intrusion challengeJournal of Service Management2022
Emotional communication by service robots: a research agendaJournal of Service Management2022
Design of robotic care: Ethical implications of a multi-actor perspectiveService Design Practices for Healthcare Innovation2022
Customer comfort during service robot interactionsService Business2022
The service triad: an empirical study of service robots, customers and frontline employeesJournal of Service Management2021
Robotic versus human coaches for active aging: an automated social presence perspectiveInternational Journal of Social Robotics2020
Mitigating loneliness with companion robots in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: an integrative framework and research agendaJournal of Service Management2020
Value of social robots in services: social cognition perspectiveJournal of Services Marketing2019
Service robots: value co-creation and co-destruction in elderly care networksJournal of Service Management2018
Programmed to Care: A Typology of Social Service Robots in HealthcareFrontiers in Service Conference2017