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… la construction répressive européenne’, Retrieved via http://www.gdr- elsj.eu/2018/10/28/informations-generales/derniers-developpements-concernant-le-mandat- darret-europeen-la-cour-de-justice-au-secours-de-la-construction-repressive-europeenne/, last visited on 23rd June 2020, Krajewiski M.,‘Who is afraid of the European Council? The Court of Justice’s cautious approach to the independence of domestic judges’, op. cit p.801. 196Corre P.,‘La confiance mutuelle, fondement du mandat d’arrêt européen … la construction répressive européenne’, Retrieved via http://www.gdr-elsj.eu/2018/10/28/informations-generales/derniers- developpements-concernant-le-mandat-darret-europeen-la-cour-de-justice-au-secours-de- la-construction-repressive-europeenne/, last visited on 23rd June 2020. • Van Ballehooij W., Bard P., ‘The CJEU in the Celmer case: one step forward, two steps back for upholding the rule of law within the EU’, Verfassungsblog, 2018. …

… that nudge users toward specific, predictable decisions.13 The term ‘dark patterns’ was first coined by Brignull nearly fifteen years ago, who defined it as “tricks used in websites and apps that make you do things that you didn’t mean to, like buying or signing up for something”.14 Initially, the term served as a catch-all to describe how UI designs could negatively influence users and their decision-making, as reflected in Brignull’s taxonomy. Brignull's original definition and taxonomy, while groundbreaking, have been expanded upon by subsequent research to reflect other types of dark patterns as well as their harmfulness.15 In 2019, Mathur and others conducted an extensive study analysing 53,000 product pages from 11,000 shopping websites. This research uncovered nearly 2,000 instances of dark patterns.16 Their research led to a more comprehensive taxonomy and a refined definition of dark patterns as “user interface design choices that benefit an online service by … and Caroline Sinders, ‘Dark Patterns: Regulating Digital Design’ [2020] Stiftung Neue Verantwortung, 18. 75 OECD, Dark commercial patterns (OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 336, OECD Publishing 2022) 21. 76 Marjolein Lansing, ‘“Strongly Recommended” Revisiting Decisional Privacy to Judge Hypernudging in Self-Tracking Technologies’ (2019) 32 Philosophy & Technology 549 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0316-4> accessed 30 August 2024. 77 ibid. 15 consent, which is paramount to privacy …

… to keep taxes high in order to collect even more revenue, governments can also use taxation as a tool to influence the public behavior. If the government is concerned with the environment, it can increase taxes on cars, which would lead to people buying fewer cars and thus lead to less pollution. If the government wants to increase the amount of research & development being done in its country, it can implement certain tax benefits such as the Dutch innovation box to make it more attractive. If … Force France Model 1 In Force Georgia Model 1 Signed Germany Model 1 In Force 79 Gibraltar Model 1 In Force Greece Model 1 Agreement in Substance Greenland Model 1 Agreement in Substance Grenada Model 1 Agreement in Substance Guernsey Model 1 In Force Guyana Model 1 Agreement in Substance Haiti Model 1 Agreement in Substance Holy See Model 1 In Force Honduras Model 1 In Force Hong Kong Model 2 In Force Hungary Model 1 In Force Iceland Model 1 In Force India Model 1 In Force Indonesia Model 1 …

… that nudge users toward specific, predictable decisions.13 The term ‘dark patterns’ was first coined by Brignull nearly fifteen years ago, who defined it as “tricks used in websites and apps that make you do things that you didn’t mean to, like buying or signing up for something”.14 Initially, the term served as a catch-all to describe how UI designs could negatively influence users and their decision-making, as reflected in Brignull’s taxonomy. Brignull's original definition and taxonomy, while groundbreaking, have been expanded upon by subsequent research to reflect other types of dark patterns as well as their harmfulness.15 In 2019, Mathur and others conducted an extensive study analysing 53,000 product pages from 11,000 shopping websites. This research uncovered nearly 2,000 instances of dark patterns.16 Their research led to a more comprehensive taxonomy and a refined definition of dark patterns as “user interface design choices that benefit an online service by … and Caroline Sinders, ‘Dark Patterns: Regulating Digital Design’ [2020] Stiftung Neue Verantwortung, 18. 75 OECD, Dark commercial patterns (OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 336, OECD Publishing 2022) 21. 76 Marjolein Lansing, ‘“Strongly Recommended” Revisiting Decisional Privacy to Judge Hypernudging in Self-Tracking Technologies’ (2019) 32 Philosophy & Technology 549 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0316-4> accessed 30 August 2024. 77 ibid. 15 consent, which is paramount to privacy …