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… are polymers? What are biomimetic materials? The Extracellular Matrix, Polymers and Biomimetic Materials 4 4 Objectives • To explain the nature, structure, and function of the major components of the ECM • To illustrate how these basic building blocks can create highly specialized environments • To recognize polymer structures and properties • To explain how materials scientists try to create ECM-like environments • To identify current trends in ECM-like materials 5 5 From Cells to Tissues and … and DNA • Synthetic polymers — polymers made in a lab – Plastics, Styrofoam cups, nylon rope, Plexiglas High molecular weights! 12 12 Peptides and Proteins 12Polyamides! • Amino acids link together via reaction of the amine end of one amino acid with the carboxylic end of another—a peptide (amide) bond . • Polypeptide—molecule made of three or more amino acids 13 13 Protein Structure 13 Supramolecular interactions! 14 14 Protein Structure 14Hydrogen bonds! 15 15 Protein Structure 15 … Collagen is a major structural protein, providing strength to tendons, bone, and support to organs. It is the most abundant protein in the ECM. The “triple helix” structure of collagen is an excellent example of supramolecular organization. Collagen when cooked, denatures and forms gelatin, a popular ingredient in cooking, and our most common hydrogel. 17 17 Carbohydrates 17 • Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O)n • Polyhydroxycarbonyls that have many OH and one C==O – Aldose when C==O is aldehyde …

… dimension 214 Abstract This chapter illustrates the need for cross-cutting studies regarding the question how the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions, particularly by means of “emissions trading”, can be regulated in an effective and efficient way within the boundaries of the rule of law. It identifies the following research challenges: 1) Typical legal concepts such as procedural rights and enforcement deserve combined studies in order to examine how to design and apply the law. 2) In-depth … and enforcement mechanism. Without the law, economic regulatory instruments can hardly be applied. However, designing and applying legal frameworks for these market-based instruments may face many challenges and problems. This is particularly true when new regulatory models are being applied, as is the case with emissions trading for the reduction of greenhouse gases. 19.3 Emissions trading: legal perspectives Emissions trading has originated in the economic literature, and only later entered … trading became part of a treaty, resulting in an international carbon market encompassing not only developed but also developing countries. However, the USA refused to accept emission reduction targets by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, although they were at that time the most experienced country as regards emissions trading. In contrast, in order to comply with the emission reduction target of the Kyoto Protocol, the EU has adopted the instrument in the form of an EU-wide greenhouse gas …