MUNPOP is a joint program of researchers from Maastricht University, Utrecht University, and Radboud University Nijmegen on the topic of Partnerships for Sustainable Development.

TRANSIT is an ambitious research project that will develop a theory of transformative social innovation which is about empowerment and change in society. It is co-funded by the European Commission and runs for four years, from January 2014 until December 2017.

To address complex economic, social and environmental challenges, European cities seek new approaches. A currently popular approach is urban labs (Living Labs and City Labs), in which local governments experiment with innovative solutions together with other stakeholders in urban development.

The HEEC project “Energy Efficiency of Households in Cities: A Multi-method Analysis” is a collaboration between Maastricht University (MSI) and Chinese Academy of Science (CEEP).

The SmarterLabs project aims to develop a Smart City Living Lab approach to effectively deal with two major risks to successful, widespread implementation of smart transport technologies.

Do you want to collaborate with MaCSBio? Contact us and find out what opportunities lie in store for you!

Collaboration with MaCSBio

A shock wave made its way through the building on Tuesday when we received word that Jos Stegen (59) had died unexpectedly after a fatal fall at home. Jos started working at the then State University of Limburg on 1 November 1982, initially as an analyst at the Biochemistry department and from 1 June 1989 as Head Analyst at the Department of Human Biology.

This blog is written by Marc de Werd  

Globalising law, justice and legal education in the Western world and Arab countries. Is it reasonable for academics and judges to engage in a dialogue with the Arab and Islamic world about the curriculum of legal education? (Dutch only)

Honour crimes_Eerwraak_MLR

Globalisering van recht, rechtspraak en het juridisch onderwijs in de Westerse en Arabische wereld.

Marc de Werd is raadsheer in het gerechtshof Amsterdam, bijzonder hoogleraar Europese rechtspleging aan de universiteit van Maastricht en lid van de Consultative Council of European Judges van de Raad van Europa.

Heeft het zin voor academia en rechters om een dialoog aan te gaan met de Arabische en Islamitische wereld over het curriculum van het juridisch onderwijs? Die vraag rijst al snel in een gezelschap met vertegenwoodigers uit zoveel (rechts)culturen als de International Association of Law Deans. De Europese sectie van die vereniging (die ook de Levant omvat) kwam rond Pasen bijeen in Amman (Jordanië) aan de Universiteit van Petra, om na te denken over dit onderwerp. Als genodigde woonde ik de bijeenkomst bij en in deze bijdrage geef ik een impressie van de gevoerde discussie.

De generatie Y
Heeft het zin voor academia en rechters om een dialoog aan te gaan met de Arabische en Islamitische wereld over het curriculum van het juridisch onderwijs? Het antwoord is ja. Universiteiten staan wereldwijd voor soortgelijke problemen, zij het in andere contexten. Zo wordt de huidige generatie studenten (geboren in pakweg de jaren negentig), vrij algemeen aangeduid als de “generatie Y”. Deze ‘millennials’ worden ervaren als verwend, slim, ongrijpbaar, nog een keer verwend, flexibel, idealistisch, creatief, en niet onder de indruk van status of hiërarchie, om maar wat clichés te noemen. Millennials zouden vanwege hun geringe span of attention niet in staat zijn om een boek (uit) te lezen, ook al omdat het beeldscherm van hun telefoon daarvoor te klein is.

Vroeger was alles beter
Natuurlijk was vroeger alles veel beter. Maar zijn wij (de generatie X) niet evengoed ‘millennials’, verslaafd als wij zijn aan impulsen, korte teksten en internet? En is dat eigenlijk erg? De gereedschapskist van de jurist bestaat voor een groot deel uit analyseren, argumenteren, motiveren en formuleren. Wie in staat is om in 140 karakters op Twitter een genuanceerd juridisch punt te maken, doet het niet per se slechter dan de auteur die 85 voetnoten nodig heeft om ergens iets van te vinden. Menig pleitnota zou er van opknappen als de raadsman vooraf zijn stelling in een tweet zou samenvatten. Uitspraken misschien ook wel. Wie weet verschijnt binnenkort wel het eerste vonnis met een emoji; de oude Egyptenaren deden het immers ook al. LOL.

Globalisering
Dat het ‘ook anders kan’ is een bevrijdende gedachte, die niet meteen hoeft te worden uitgevoerd om toch tot iets beters te kunnen leiden. Toeval of niet, in een discussion paper schreef de Jordaanse koning Abdoellah II afgelopen week:

“[I]t is vital to have curricula that instil critical and analytical thinking, pushing students to ask questions and weigh various options, and encouraging them to respect different views by pursuing the culture of dialogue and diversity – all the while guided by capable teachers who are qualified to raise future generations. (-) This calls for a modern educational system that expands students’ horizons, teases their curiosity, and bosters their sense of self-worth to assume their role as global citizens rooted in their Arab and Islamic identity, and heritage.” (The Jordan Times, 16 april jl).

Die opvatting, dat (juridisch) universitair onderwijs studenten (ook) moet opleiden tot kritische wereldburgers, werd in Amman evenzeer algemeen gedeeld. De grote uitdaging voor het onderwijs is studenten en de samenleving het besef bijbrengen dat de grote vraagstukken van vandaag – milieu en klimaatverandering, armoede, immigratie en verplaatsing, economische samenwerking, veiligheid en grensoverschrijdend terrorisme – zich niet lenen voor nationale oplossingen. Opkomend populisme en nationalisme ten spijt. Door een terugkeer naar de gulden zullen de poolkappen niet minder hard smelten. Integendeel.

Universiteiten die deze globalisering in hun curriculum negeren zetten zichzelf strategisch buiten spel. Dat zal leiden tot een afname van studenten, irrelevante academische publicaties, het weglopen van talentvolle onderzoekers en docenten, en het mislopen van internationale subsidies die meer en meer naar interdisciplinair onderzoek gaan. En belangrijker: het gevaar dreigt dat zij ouderwetse studenten opleiden die de globaliseringsslag niet kunnen maken. Nederlandse juristen moeten nu al in een nationale en Europese rechtsorde kunnen werken en denken. Nog grotere regionale verbanden in het recht zijn in de maak.

Wat is recht?
Juridisch onderwijs zal zichzelf ook niet te eng moeten definiëren. Rechtszaken als die van Urgenda over CO2 uitstoot en over gaswinning in Groningen, illustreren dat kennis van ‘het recht’ inmiddels ook enige kennis van economie, statistiek en ethiek vergt. ‘Global law and international public affairs’ – wat dat voorlopig ook moge zijn – wordt als een toekomstig belangrijk onderdeel van iedere rechtenopleiding gezien: het zou wereldwijde communicatie over juridische concepten moeten bevorderen en vooral het besef moeten ontwikkelen dat de wereldgemeenschap meer dan ooit onderling afhankelijk is. Dit soort noties kan bovendien bijdragen aan de erkenning en bescherming van mensenrechten en regionale stabiliteit.

Appeltje eitje dus?
Maar laten we de zaken niet eenvoudiger voostellen dan zij zijn. Ook met een verplicht vak ‘Global Law’ zullen we slechts moeizaam vat kunnen krijgen op diepgewortelde ideeën en tradities, bijvoorbeeld in gebieden waar familie-eer een dominante rol speelt. Ook dat bleek in Amman, gelegen op een steenworp afstand van Jerusalem en Damascus. In deze streken tasten buitenhuwelijkse contacten tussen de seksen al snel de eer aan van families; zij konden immers (met name) de dochter in het gezin niet in het gareel houden. Eerwraak was voorheen dan het antwoord en werd vaak uitgevoerd door een van de minderjarige zoons. Hij kreeg daarvoor een milde straf. Onder invloed van het Westen zijn de straffen voor het plegen van dergelijke eremoorden in sommige landen drastisch opgeschroefd, soms tot levenslang, hetgeen inderdaad afschrikwekkend heeft gewerkt.

Operatie geslaagd patiënt overleden
Maar soms pakken goedbedoelde Westerse pogingen om de positie van de vrouw in moslimculturen te verbeteren verkeerd uit. Eerwraak mag dan zijn afgenomen maar daarvoor is het fenomeen ‘honor suicide’ in de plaats gekomen. Niet de broer vermoordt zijn zus, maar zijzelf wordt door haar familie zozeer onder druk gezet dat zij uiteindelijk zelfmoord pleegt. Zo wordt de eer van het gezin gered en tenminste het leven van een van de twee kinderen ‘gespaard’ (de zoon). Volgens de aanwezige rechters uit het Midden-Oosten stijgt het aantal van deze zelfmoorden onder meisjes de laatste jaren dramatisch.

Syrië
Ook het grote aantal (met name) Syrische vluchtelingen in Jordanië sinds 2011(ongeveer 2 miljoen op een bevolking van 8 (!) miljoen) zet de eer van hun achtergebleven familieleden onder druk. Syrische families hebben immers geen zicht meer op het doen en laten van hun kinderen in de vluchtelingenkampen, hetgeen tot bezorgdheid, argwaan of erger leidt. Terwijl – ook onder invloed van het Westen – het aantal kindhuwelijken het laatste decennium juist was teruggedrongen, zijn deze opnieuw in zwang. Reden: een dergelijk huwelijk ‘beschermt’ in elk geval de eer van kwetsbare meisjes in de opvangkampen, en daarmee de eer van de achterblijvende familie.

Realiteit
Deze realiteit zal het academisch onderwijs óók onder ogen moeten zien. Maar ook hier geldt: wie niet bijdraagt aan de oplossing wordt deel van het probleem. Deel van de oplossing is inderdaad de dialoog en respect voor diversiteit die de Jordaanse koning hierboven benoemt. Het is interessant om te horen dat in het Jordaanse onderwijs zowel de Sharia als – heel voorzichtig - de Straatsburgse jurisprudentie over het ‘homohuwelijk’ aan bod komen. Dat laatste zal nog wel even duren in de Islamitische wereld. Maar oog voor diversiteit en het individu zal ook hier ontegenzeggelijk iets positiefs teweegbrengen bij millennials. Hun talent om out of the box te denken zal daarbij zeker van pas komen. Dat is, zeker in deze omgeving, een mooie Paasgedachte.


Image: Don LaVange on Flickr

 This article is published on Law Blogs Maastricht

'I'll pick you up in Amsterdam South.' I could just picture it: men in smart suits, a fancy office building and tight schedules. However, nothing could be further from the truth. Haike takes me to building B – a rough, industrial-looking office building where no-one seems to work at their desks. A colourful group of people have come together in a communal space within the building, which some call the heart of the start-up scene in Amsterdam.

"The online market in Germany requires durability and reliability"

It started with Carte Blanche

Before we have even found a place to sit, we are already deep in conversation, discussing the annual shareholder meeting that is to take place this weekend on the ski slopes of Ischgl. Work and private affairs mix effortlessly. There are no official office hours for someone who is self-employed, and Haike's business associate is his friend and former fellow student Ruurd van der Weide. Together they started their adventures in entrepreneurship in Maastricht, when they founded the company Carte Blanche, renting out blackjack tables for student parties. They were also instrumental in launching a line of UM merchandise including hoodies, T-shirts and mugs. In a time where more and more international students found their way to Maastricht, that turned out to be a true gold mine.

'One project led to another, even long after we had obtained our degrees', says Haike. The two friends kept in touch, both on a personal and on a business level. Ruurd moved to Berlin, where he used his expertise to help Dutch companies gain a foothold on the German online market. Shortly after that, Haike came aboard to run the account management side of things from Amsterdam. Together they now run Fingerspitzengefuhl. Responding to my question of whether it wouldn't be better to keep business and friendship separate, Haike simply answers that he doesn't know any better than this. Of course, keeping the balance is your own responsibility, as is tipping the scale back towards the friendship side of things when the balance seems to be pulling the other way.

German business
'I actually advise most companies against taking their business to Germany'. But isn't that sabotaging your own business, I wonder out loud. 'Not really. I advise these relatively small companies to focus their efforts on the Dutch market first. The online market in Germany requires durability and reliability. German consumers are sticklers for certifications and standards like Amazon has, and not every company can compete with that. Because we usually work for commission, we always research everything thoroughly and create a strategy for a lasting partnership. That is why we prefer to focus on businesses that stand a really good chance.'

The company is under Dutch management, but has mostly German employees. 'That can sometimes cause friction. We may be neighbours, but there are still some fundamental differences.' Examples include the German inclination towards hierarchic structures versus a more horizontal organisation, theory versus creativity and precision versus nonchalance. Colouring outside the lines is something much more suited to the Dutch, as Haike noticed back in his university days. German students always came fully prepared, while Dutch students took everything in their stride. In fact his colleagues are a perfect blend of these two attitudes.

Southern Open
Incidentally, Maastricht was not a particularly deliberate choice on Haike's part. Coming from the province of Brabant, Maastricht seemed like a charming town and it would likely be a good fit culturally, too. It was essentially the path of least resistance. He lived on the Lenculenstraat, a stone's throw away from the faculty, which might just be the most idyllic street in all of Maastricht, with its cobblestones and old buildings. In the end, PBL seemed the right fit for his way of learning. After discussions during tutorials had piqued his curiosity, he wanted to know more about the theory behind it all. 'There is not just one standard solution, first you work towards it and the theory comes in after that.’ When he had paid back his student loan in full, he decided to continue setting aside the same amount of money each year and donate it to the University Fund Limburg, which supports UM education and research. Haike: 'I'm happy to do that for my alma mater.'

Occasionally he makes his way back to Maastricht. In honour of his own golf club, for instance, called 'the Southern Open', which consists of a group of former fellow students and friends who regularly visited them in Maastricht. For his next trip down memory lane, though, he promised to find the time to visit the university.

By Charlotte Groven, February 2017

This blog is written by Prashant Sabharwal 

With Article 50 launched, the United Kingdom gambles its future on many unknowns.

The UK’s negotiating posture has been complicated by the Prime Minister herself, as she stated in her Lancaster House Speech: “The principle is clear: the days of Britain making vast contributions to the European Union every year will end”.

Daily_mail_clock_high_st_ken

Freedom” blared the headline of the Daily Mail, a reliably anti-Europe newspaper. Just reading that one word, one could have been forgiven for thinking that Britain had just been under the colonial yoke of an unforgiving oppressor – a period of subservience, the Mail headline appeared to suggest, that ended with the stroke of a fountain pen on the desk of the second woman to occupy the highest executive office in the nation. Alas, reality (much like common sense) has a bias towards nuance and the quiet truths than the tall claims of flashy tabloid headlines.

When Prime Minister Theresa May signed her name on the sixth page of her 29 March letter to European Council President Donald Tusk, she did not merely dryly notify the European Union of the United Kingdom’s intent to withdraw from the continental bloc – in accordance with Article 50 of the Treaty of European Union (TEU). Instead, the Prime Minister used the opportunity to propose a new arrangement between the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe. However, as the developments of the last few weeks demonstrated, it should have become clear to even the most optimistic Brexit advocate that it is one thing to campaign for severing all ties, but it’s quite another to suddenly being forced to negotiate with the very bloc you vilified during the referendum campaign.

Make no mistake about it: The activation of Article 50, the first by any EU Member State, is a historical event. It also represents a leap into the darkness for the United Kingdom. All that is known is that Britain will, barring an unlikely extension (through unanimous consent of all remaining 27 EU Member States) leave the European Union on 29 March 2019. Like with any longstanding relationship, the issues that need to be dealt with prior to the United Kingdom’s departure from the EU are numerous, multifaceted and will take time to resolve.

As ever, in a long-standing, complex relationship, there is the issue of finance: a potential flashpoint may emerge in the European Commission’s calculation of the United Kingdom owing approximately €65 billion to the European Union. In essence, this Brexit bill consists of three elements: Britain’s unpaid share in the EU’s multi-year financial planning framework, cohesion payments (to poorer EU economies) and pension obligations. The EU Commission’s chief negotiator, Michel Barnier, insists that this point be address prior to any further talks on the terms of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the Union. In contrast, a House of Lords Committee found that (in pure legal terms), the United Kingdom could just leave the European Union without settling its bills (item 135, page 38) and without the EU being able to enforce any kind of payment demand against it. Political leaders from the governing Conservative Party rejoiced at this conclusion and even tried to claim that the EU owed Britain money [1].

However, in typical British understatement, the House of Lords Financial Sub-Committee added: “However, the political and economic consequences of the UK leaving the EU without responding to claims under the EU budget are likely to be profound”. Indeed, given that the UK currently exports 44% of its goods to the EU and that 53% of its imports emanate from the Union, Prime Minister Theresa May will be understandably keen to conclude some kind of free trade agreement with the EU. Not settling a bill, regardless of the final amount, would be an unprecedented act of bad faith that would poison the environment surrounding the withdrawal negotiations before they would even begin. The UK’s negotiating posture has been complicated by the Prime Minister herself, as she stated in her Lancaster House Speech: “The principle is clear: the days of Britain making vast contributions to the European Union every year will end”.

With that speech, the Prime Minister already revealed her hand and boxed herself into a bit of a corner, for she enunciated the following key principles:

In one speech, the Prime Minister thus rejected the most practical option, namely membership of the European Economic Area (EEA) – with or without membership of the European Free Trade Association/EFTA). Membership of the EEA would have necessitated permitting freedom of movement for EU citizens, something that Leave voters in last year’s Brexit referendum clearly seemed to be concerned about. Given the Prime Minister’s willingness to walk away from a negotiated agreement with the EU and let Britain trade under World Trade Organization rules instead, the long-term consequences of leaving the Single Market – so breezily dismissed by the most dexterous Brexit advocates during the campaign – are not to be underestimated [1] [2] [3].

Another vital issue to be considered is the status of EU citizens in the UK and British citizens in the remainder of the European Union. Without a deal, visas and work permits may become the norm for those groups in their host countries. Whilst ideas like a form of “associate citizenship” for British citizens living in the EU27 are probably closer to wishful thinking than legally compliant reality, both sides have expressed a desire to reach an agreement on the status of these permanent residents. However, in a resolution, the European Parliament has already underlined that it will not accept any type of cut-off date preceding the UK’s departure from the EU in 2019. This is likely to constitute yet another red line for the May Government, once again as the Brexit referendum was centred on themes of sovereignty, limitations on immigration (which appears easier said than done) and restoration of control.

Finally, the UK will also need to deal with constitutional issues: Scotland is poised to launch a second independence referendum (even though this may be delayed due to disagreements between the British and the Scottish Governments) and Gibraltar has become a bone of contention between Spain and Britain. Meanwhile, in another constitutional development, the UK Government’s Brexit department has presented a White Paper on dealing with the legislative impact of Brexit. This includes repealing the European Communities Act 1972 (the UK statute authorizing membership of the EU), in the form of a Great Repeal Bill (which would enable the UK Government to enact legislative changes in a fast-track procedure). Further, there is the status of the currently “soft” border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (which is one of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom, besides England, Scotland and Wales).

And this does not even start to address the many intricacies involved, whether they are aviation rights, the financial services industry and the effect on UK higher education. Mrs May could very well find that finishing Brexit may be a lot harder than starting it. It will certainly be a leap into the unknown.

 This article is published on Law Blogs Maastricht