Although there are also people in Europe without a nationality, the problem is much more pressing in Africa. People are born stateless when their parents have no nationality to pass on to them, for example, or when land borders are redrawn without any consideration for the nationality of a territory’s inhabitants. Another source of the problem is the fact that less than half of all births are officially registered in Africa. The African Union has managed to increase this percentage to 90% in some African countries, but it is below 10% in others, even in countries that have not experienced war or conflict. 
People with no official nationality are considered stateless. They are unable to exercise the right to vote, for example, or to own a piece of land. "People considered 'alien' also run the risk of being regarded as suspicious in times of economic and political uncertainty. Politicians all over the world have abused nationality laws to provoke identity-related aggression", says Manby.

Manby’s position, which is also the gist of the protocol that is about to be adopted, is that the state where a person has the strongest connections should recognise this person as a citizen. "This degree of connection should be assumed to exist when two different generations were born in the territory of the state, as well as when a child who was born in a territory still lives there when they come of age. The latter group should at least have the option to acquire the nationality of that country, without the state being able to refuse that acquisition of nationality. Laws and procedures should also be reviewed in the interests of nomadic peoples, who at present are often considered aliens rather than citizens. The requirement to prove that a person has no other nationality, especially in the African context, is a requirement that cannot possibly be met."

Professor René de Groot, an expert in nationality law, is proud to have supervised Manby. "If this new protocol is adopted soon, Africa will, on paper, have regulated this issue better than Europe. Of course, that won't change the situation right away, but you have to start somewhere. Human rights once started by being written down too."