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… Nhantumbo, 2016; Fountain & Hütz-Adams, 2022; Mohammed et al., 2012). After the cultivation, fermentation and drying process by the smallholders, the cacao beans are ground before being transformed into cocoa liquor, which is then converted into cocoa powder or butter (Gutiérrez, 2017). The butter is used for chocolate manufacturing. A small amount of cocoa is processed within the cultivating countries in the Global South, while a majority is exported in raw bean form after drying, as the chocolate … "indirect" sourcing by trading companies from intermediaries, and "unknown" sourcing without supply chain data disclosure. "Direct sourcing" practices do not necessarily mean that the cacao can be traced back to the farm level but to the first buyer only, which often is a farmers' cooperative (Renier et al., 2023). In addition to the actors depicted in Figure 2, stakeholders within the chocolate supply chain include, among others, NGOs, seed producers, competitors, packaging companies, … is more complex than direct suppliers, management methods for both are supplier assessment through certification, supplier evaluation and selection, supplier monitoring and auditing programs, and supplier collaboration through training and workshops, which usually occurs when a deficiency is detected (Grimm et al., 2016; Jia et al., 2018). SCM literature in the past often ignored the potential risks of the unavailability of natural resources (Matopoulos et al., 2015). Nevertheless, due to …