A simple way to prevent deadly disease outbreaks (restore biodiversity!)
In April 2026 the world witnessed a deadly hantavirus outbreak aboard the cruise ship MV Hondius. The cruise ship carried many nature enthusiasts and during a bird-watching excursion in Argentina some of them caught the hantavirus, which is caried by infected rodents. Infection of humans happens when rodent urine, faeces, or saliva becomes airborne and is inhaled. Generalist rodents are more likely to carry such pathogens. These rodents occur much more in areas that are deforested, fragmentated, or degraded. Researchers showed that full-scale biodiversity restoration efforts could substantially lower hantavirus transmission risks (up to 78%). This means that restoring biodiversity is actually a public health intervention.
Zoonoses
This hantavirus example is not the only one. In Southeast Asia the Nipah virus is causing problems. This virus causes severe acute febrile encephalitis in humans. It has been spreading due to deforestation and planting of fruit orchards. These plantations increased interactions between fruit bats (hosts of the virus) and humans. The bats lick the same sap that humans harvest for consumption and transfer the virus in this way. Furthermore, the virus is also spread via industrialized pig farms, where the pigs act as reservoirs of the virus. But the list does not end here. Kyasanur forest disease, Rabies, Ebola, Covid-19 etc. are all examples of diseases that have their origins in animals (so called zoonoses). However, these host animals increasingly share landscapes and food with people due to deforestation. In this way the pathogens can transfer ever more to our human species.
Healthy ecosystems save lives
Perhaps you find it surprising that restoring biodiversity can prevent deadly disease outbreaks and that that biologists can prevent major health crises by creating a healthier planet. Hearing the word biodiversity might make you think of wildflowers, trees, lions and elephants. All these different species are indeed part of biodiversity, but all these species together also serve important functions.
Biodiversity is of immense value to humans. It has ecological values, for instance in terms of carbon storage, water purification and habitat provisioning. It also has economic and livelihood values, think of timber, medicine, firewood, and food. Lastly, it has cultural and aesthetic values in a spiritual, symbolic but also recreational way. Unfortunately, much biodiversity is heavily under threat, mainly because of human actions such as overexploitation, pollution and habitat destruction. Biologists investigate the evolution and ecology of all this diversity. This knowledge can prevent further losses and help restore ecosystems and their services to full functioning. As you read above, these restoration efforts not only help biodiversity itself but also prevent deadly health-risks for humans.
It is clear that environmental disruption probably increases the risk of deadly human diseases. Research has shown that human health and well-being are indeed closely linked to environmental factors. Healthy, naturally functioning ecosystems can regulate reservoirs of infection, reduce stress, improve the immune systems, function as cooling mechanism, etc.
You can see that biodiversity is an ecosystem service that saves lives and reduces the burden on public health services. And understanding biodiversity is an important aspect of sustainable bioscience. Do you want to protect the planet via biodiversity conservation and restoration? Come and study with us and you will learn all the things you need to be able to do so!
Read more
- Nulkar, G., Bedarkar, M., Ghate, K. & Nulkar, S. 2021. Hitchhiking microbes: Declining biodiversity & emerging zoonoses. Indian Journal of Medical Research 153: 367-374. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_620_21
- One Health: Reducing Disease Risk: https://iucn.org/resources/policy-brief/one-health-reducing-disease-risk
- Prist, P.R., Prado, A., Tambosi, L.R., Umetsu, F., de Arruda Bueno, A., Pardini, R. & Metzger, J.P. 2021. Moving to healthier landscapes: Forest restoration decreases the abundance of Hantavirus reservoir rodents in tropical forests. Science of The Total Environment 752: 141967. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141967
- Rivers, M., Newton, A.C., Oldfield, S. & Global Tree Assessment Contributors. 2023. Scientists' warning to humanity on tree extinctions. Plants, People, Planet 5: 466-482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10314
- Robinson, J.M., Breed, A.C., Camargo, A., Redvers, N. & Breed, M.F. 2024. Biodiversity and human health: A scoping review and examples of underrepresented linkages. Environmental Research 246: 118115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118115
Author
R.H.J. Erkens
I have 25 years of experience in university education, research and policy. My career has been mainly education focussed and I have been involved in the development, (re)accreditation and running of several bachelor and master programmes. Next to this, I developed and taught many different educational modules, on topics such as evolutionary biology, general botany, tropical biology, philosophy of science, and field skills and landscape evolution.
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