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… vs. Conservation: Models and Payments ..................................... 44 4.1.2 Value Distribution Along the Value Chains .......................................................................... 45 4.1.3 Carbon Offsets in the Market: Buyers and Payments ........................................................ 46 4.1.4 Smallholders’ Access to Monetary Payments and Other Alternatives ............................. 48 • 4 • Smallholder Farmers and the VCM: A Balancing Act 4.1.5 Impacts … has trained two community members to serve as park rangers who oversee the area. However, these rangers do not receive additional resources, which limits their ability to effectively monitor the territory. They have reported the presence of illegal visitors and misuse of resources, but the authorities have not responded to these complaints. Consequently, the park rangers can only educate and guide the community. Through the project, they aim to further strengthen communal control over the forest. … communication channels is essential for building trust and ensuring that farmers understand the markets in which they are engaged. Often, farmers face uncertainty regarding how payments are structured, calculated, and distributed. Tools such as workshops, visual guides, and dashboards can enhance transparency in these processes. Programs should also offer interim financial incentives or small grants to bridge the gap between enrollment and the first carbon removal compensation, helping to …

… 71; cf. Sanchez Graells, ‘What Need and Logic for a New Directive on Concessions, Particularly Regarding the Issue of their Economic Balance?, European Public Private Partnerships Law Review, available at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2101712> (last visited 23.05.2013). Page 5 of 31 economic factors driving the proposal, especially within the context of the economic crisis and Europe’s growth plans. Under Section 2 we will consider some of the key legal uncertainties surrounding the definition of … of the European Parliament and of the Council on the award of Concession Contracts: Frequently Asked Questions’ (Commission Memo) MEMO/11/932, 20 December 2011, point 5, available at <http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-11-932_en.htm> (last visited 23.05.2013). 9 W. Kahlenborn et al, ‘2011: Strategic Use of Public Procurement in Europe – Final Report to the European Commission’, MARKT/2010/02/C, 120, available at <http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/publicprocurement/docs/modernising_rules/strategic-use-public-procurement- europe_en.pdf> (last visited 23.05.2013). 10 Ibid, 124. Page 7 of 31 disparities among the legislation of different Member States. To remedy this, the Commission seeks to provide ‘a minimum coordination of national procedures for the award of such contracts based on …

… take place throughout the study year as outlined in the MURA study calender (‘onderwijsrooster’) or course manual. 13 MURA Education and Examination Regulations – 2022-2023 Article 4.13 Location of the Examination 1. Written examinations, not being online examinations, can only be held at any of the SBE location(s) as published via the MURA communication channels or at a location approved by the Board of Examiners. 2. When Examinations are held online, this is timely announced by MURA via de MURA communication channels. Instructions for online examinations will be announced by MURA via de MURA communication channels. Article 4.14 Special Examination Arrangements The Board of Examiners may … other than the items listed under “Items permitted during examinations’’ - should be switched off and placed in a bag. It is strictly forbidden to have mobile phones, watches, communication devices or any other information carrier in possession during visits to a toilet in the building in which the examination will take place. Violations of the rules In the event of irregularities as defined in this Code of Conduct, the invigilator is entitled to take in the exam script and to refuse the student …