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… 24 List of Abbreviations Abbreviation Definition CMC Cocoa Marketing Company COCOBOD Ghana Cocoa Board CMPU Community Mobile Processing Unit CSA Climate-smart Agriculture GHG Greenhouse Gases GVC Global Value Chain LBC Licensed Buyer Company NGO Non-governmental Organization RQ Research Question SQ Sub Question SVA Sustainable Value Addition SVAC Sustainable Value Addition Company TNC Transnational Corporations VSLAs Village Saving and Loan Associations 1 1. Introduction … the usefulness of the product” (Bowman & Ambrosini, 2000, p. 4). Hence, it is based on the subjective evaluation of customers (Bowman & Ambrosini, 2000). Exchange value is associated with the price at the moment of sale: “it is the amount paid by the buyer to the producer for the perceived use value” (Bowman & Ambrosini, 2000, p. 4). Sánchez-Fernández and Iniesta-Bonillo (2007) arrive at a similar definition: “perceived value implies an interaction between a subject (the consumer) and an object … Chapter 6.1 and Chapter 6.2, respectively. 5.2.2 Qualitative Semi-Structured Interviews Besides desktop research, qualitative semi-structured interviews built the core of the methodological approach of this thesis. Four interviews were conducted via online videocalls between May and July 2022. Input was obtained from a total of five actors in the cocoa value chain in Ghana that were deemed relevant for the subject matter of this paper. Table 2 presents an overview of the interviews conducted. …

… 2004/18/EC 3 sets up an extensive legal framework regarding the procurement of work, supply and service contracts. What is more, it satisfies the need for effective procedures and underlines why contracting authorities do not just negotiate or simply buy at the closest supplier. In this context, there are two main reasons for the use of specific procedures. First of all, the latter provide for more public accountability and therefore less corruption practices. 4 Additionally, tender procedures aim … continuous issues of data integrity, it is highly doubtful that the dynamic purchase system’s total usage with regard to public procurement procedures will experience a rise in the near future. 4. Electronic auctions E-Auctions are being held on an online platform. Within such auctions, suppliers get the chance to improve their initial proposals based on market feedback following the conduct of a full tender procedure. 63 As is the case for dynamic purchase systems, electronic auctions are … 90 ‘Public Procurement in Europe, Cost and Effectiveness’, a study on procurement regulation prepared for the European Commission (2011), p.22. 91 Available at <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0896:FIN:EN:PDF> (last visited 31.05.2013). 92 See Art 24 (2) and Art. 46 (2) of the new proposal. 93 See Art. 25 (1) and 26 (1) and (2) of the new proposal. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0896:FIN:EN:PDF 29 with a prior publication of …

… 2020/01 Regulating Algorithmic Opacity in Criminal Proceedings: an opportunity for the EU Legislator?* by Francesca Palmiotto * This collection of working papers stems from the first Jean Monnet NOVA-EU Workshop on “Digitalisation, Ethics and EU Fundamental Rights” which was organised at Maastricht University on 9-10 January 2020. The project is co- founded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. 2 Working Paper submitted by Francesca Palmiotto … every daily action leaves a trail of digital information. As an example, take a single day in a life. Tea is resident in Maastricht; on Friday night before going to sleep, she asks Alexa to set an alarm for the following day at 9 AM. She is going to visit her friend Linda and she does not want to be late. In the morning, while eating breakfast, she checks the news on her smartphone. Meanwhile, Linda sends her position through WhatsApp. Tea then asks Siri on her iPhone what is the best way to reach that location by car. On her way, she stops at a gas station to buy some food and other items. She then realizes that her wallet is empty, but fortunately the store accepts payment with Apple Pay. She finally arrives at destination. Linda and Tea spend together a very nice Saturday, and round 7 PM Tea decides to …