Zoekresultaten
… ) , the continued refusal by the Trump Administration to approve the process to select replacements for current vacancies on the WTO Appellate Body, including the vacancy left by Maastricht professor Dr. Peter Van den Bossche, is a momentous problem remaining unresolved. Unless new Appellate Body members are appointed in 2018, the remaining members will struggle to cope with the increasing caseload, which is quickly accumulating into an ever-larger backlog of cases and severe delays. By the end of 2018, if no further appointments have been made, the Appellate Body will operate … out by colleagues at IGIR under the broader research theme of Trust in Trade. On 22 January 2018 , a Collaborative Project Workshop on Trust in Trade will be held at the Law Faculty of Maastricht University (please visit our Maastricht University website for the programme, registration link and introductory text. This workshop aims to elucidate the concept of ‘trust’ in the context of international economic law, by examining the theoretical framework for understanding trust in trade and …
… Zoekresultaten 12 maart 2021 door: A. Unknown in Law M-EPLI, along with the Maastricht Law & Tech Lab and the Institute of Data Science, hosted the online webinar ‘Researching Discrimination in E-Commerce and Online Advertising’ on the 4th and 5th of March 2021. Throughout the two-day event, speakers from different countries, institutes and disciplines addressed discrimination issues present in online … the consumer, such as age, sex, and residence; 2) individual preferences inferred from the data the consumer leaves behind on the internet; 3) data on social ties inferred from social media; and 4) proxies used by marketing businesses to fill in the remaining gaps. Prof. Micklitz argues that it should not be for the individual consumer to understand how these four elements interact and shape individual advertising, and therefore, he suggests that the appropriate solution is to reverse the burden of … visible to the user. After a discussion round and a break, the following presenter was Prof. Dr. Christo Wilson (Northeastern University, USA), who discussed algorithm auditing in the Amazon Buy Box. The Buy Box is a feature of the Amazon website which prominently features a certain seller for a specific item, and is particularly important, seeing as 80-90% of buyers purchase the product via the Buy Box. Prof. Wilson found that the Buy Box algorithm considers the lowest price and the …
… a downward price spiral by de facto announcing market prices from 2013 to 2018. While reiterating that monitoring online retail prices by suppliers is, in and of itself, permitted, ACM found that the market transparency resulting from price-comparison websites, retailers’ online stores, and spider software allowed Samsung to analyse carefully the price fluctuations of its own television models and contact retailers, if necessary. Taking the Decision as a starting point, the question is how competition law should classify vertical information exchange on pricing when it is enabled or facilitated by web crawlers, price comparison sites and spider software. Does such exchange of information warrant a more flexible approach under competition law, or, as adopted by the ACM in Samsung, a stricter approach? From an economic perspective the question could be framed as: is the exchange of information between a manufacturer and resellers more likely to lead to higher prices in a situation where price comparison websites lead to price transparency, compared to a situation without price comparison websites? Assessment of restrictions in a vertical relationship, legal qualification in the Decision as by object restriction For the assessment of restrictions in a …
… platform . This episode shows a trend towards an abuse of the tool of direct democracy, which creates a worrisome vulnus to the Italian constitutional set up and the principle of the rule of law. Ministerial immunity put to the test of the web The background On Tuesday, the Italian Senate committee tasked with advising the Senate on the lifting of immunities on the basis of Article 96 of the Italian constitution, voted to block an investigation against Deputy Prime Minister Matteo … expressed or votes cast in the exercise of his functions. Beyond that, only prosecutorial measures as far-reaching as monitoring of his communications or his arrest are prohibited without the Senate’s consent, while criminal prosecution otherwise remains possible. However, Article 96 of the Constitution in conjunction with Article 5 of the Constitutional Act of 16 January 1989 provides an additional layer of protection specifically for members of the Council of Ministers, whose prosecution must … In fact, the wording of the Constitution – “[members of the council of ministers…] are subject to normal justice for crimes committed in the exercise of their duties, provided authorization is given […]” – makes it very clear that this is the domain of the judiciary. Immunities, parliamentary or ministerial, are merely put in place as a procedural barrier with the aim of barring politically motivated legal action against state office holders and, in doing to, to protect the office itself, …
… Zoekresultaten 14 juni 2018 door: in Algemeen Recently, the usage of English as the main language of Maastricht University has been disapproved by some noisy intellectuals who are frequenting talkshows for the elderly. According to these gurus, Dutch universities should stick to the Dutch language, especially in case of studies such … the education institutions today are not much different from a brand that needs to be sold. Dutch Universities – including UM – are an excellent brand and so they attach talented people from all over the place. What exactly is wrong with that? The main purpose of any educational institution is to pass the knowledge on young people who want to learn. So why limiting these people by the language they speak? Check the websites of all major universities in the Netherlands, and you will see diversity as the number one selling point. When students see that Uni’s are open to everyone, it helps them feel welcomed and that their background will not be an obstacle in their …
… they have our full support - we share their worries and must work together to find a solution against one-sided budged shifts that damage universities and their basic philosophy. And let us also be clear, that we will do everything in our power to maintain a healthy and fair balance between all disciplines at our university. There is another development that worries us. Rumour has it that the Netherlands will put restrictions on internationalisation of universities, going against the trend of … responsible way. Internationalisation offers opportunities in many areas. It forms citizens of the world who find a career in a labour market that is becoming increasingly international. In addition, it ensures that more and more knowledge workers remain in the Netherlands and thus form a counterbalance to the aging of the population and the fact that the region is shrinking in number. In short, it is also an economic necessity to embrace internationalisation. Our new YUFE university alliance will … will also be one of the thematic focus areas of this afternoon, along our strategy to strengthen science and engineering at UM, not only without neglecting other disciplines but also strengthening them. Humanities, social sciences and medicine will remain strong pillars of our profile. In conclusion, the unique international and European profile of UM and its specific societal mission should not be called into question. UM embraces the European idea. With our YUFE partners, we have the ambition to …
… in a broad sense, and certainly also specifically when it comes to higher education. We may unconsciously have already planted the right seeds prior to the crisis to make the leap forward now. A leap that strengthens European higher education and thus maintains its position in the global academic force field. An optimistic approach that I would like to share with you in this first UM Internationalization newsletter. It is time to move forward. One of the things we've learned from the crisis is that … the choice to be the European university of the Netherlands and our pioneering role within the YUFE network, the foundation has been laid along which we can take the above steps. Now it is important to further deepen the three-step approach. We must remain as agile as we have been during the pandemic. Always ready to change and to adjust. In fact, it is important to pursue the path already taken for covid. What applies to Maastricht, to a greater or lesser extent also applies to other universities. … in a broad sense, and certainly also specifically when it comes to higher education. We may unconsciously have already planted the right seeds prior to the crisis to make the leap forward now. A leap that strengthens European higher education and thus maintains its position in the global academic force field. An optimistic approach that I would like to share with you in this first UM Internationalization newsletter. It is time to move forward. … The recipe to build on resilience …
… use of unfair commercial practices law appears to have been mixed. The Italian competition authority fined Volkswagen for unfair commercial practices after an emissions test had been conducted by the consumer organisation Altroconsumo, but this remains the only successful action in the EU so far ( according to the European Consumer Organisation BEUC ). And even in Italy, the consequence was a fine for the company without the added effect that consumers have their losses compensated or receive … consequences for individual consumers because the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (Directive 2005/29/EC) left individual remedies uncovered. Further, given the lack of collective enforcement proceedings initiated on the national level, it also remains uncertain whether there will be a suitable case referred to the CJEU that allows it to clarify whether its case law on the individual consequences of collective proceedings under the Unfair Contract Terms Directive (i.e. C-472/10 Nemzeti … and Vladislav Perenič v. SOS finance spol. s r.o) could apply in this constellation. However, there is also the individual consumer litigation that is heavily pushed for and that could help consumers to have their losses compensated. The website www.my-right.de , which is maintained by the American litigation law firm Hausfeld, has been initiating consumer law disputes against the distributors of VW cars and against Volkswagen with a view to obtaining damages via individual (model) …
… affected by that land” are yet to be outlined. Section 36 of the Bill goes on to allow the Scottish Ministers to make further regulations giving the Keeper of the Registers of Scotland the power to request information relating to proprietors. Andy Wightman, in giving evidence to the Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment Committee on 7 September 2015, raised his concerns about the effectiveness of these sections, arguing that the Land Reform Review Group’s proposal should be reinstated and … which shall include information on ultimate beneficial owners. This directive has been foreshadowed in the UK in relation to companies by the introduction of the Register of People with Significant Control, which all UK companies will be required to maintain from next year due to the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015. Further, in July this year, David Cameron announced that the UK Government will publish Land Registry data about which foreign companies own land in England and … rights. What does this analysis mean for land reform in Scotland? It is suggested that in the project of the completion of the Land Register and the drafting of the regulations under ss35 and 36 of the Land Reform (Scotland) Bill (if these sections remain in their current form), consideration should be given to the content of the principle of publicity as well as data protection. Further thought could be had to the nature of the information being processed and who has a justifiable interest in …
… Zoekresultaten 2 mei 2022 door: in Law In the digital economy, algorithms are the new air- they are everywhere, essential for survival online. Algorithms manage every keystroke, every search, every step on the web. Algorithms are a sequence of instructions to solve a problem and take decisions. Online platforms use algorithms in every step of their operations, from search results to payment portals. Though executed by machines, these algorithms are created … in rankings, the Fairness and Transparency Regulation(P2B) , introduced algorithmic transparency between platforms and business users. This Regulation was supplemented by the Ranking Guidelines , which served as a guide to platforms to disclose the main parameters that the algorithm considers to provide these rankings. The Regulation and the Guidelines attempt to create a level playing field amongst all the competitors in the market. The Modernisation Directive also included this provision, which … Students Psychology and Neuroscience Science and Engineering Universiteitsraad … In the digital economy, algorithms are the new air- they are everywhere, essential for survival online. Algorithms manage every keystroke, every search, every step on the web. Algorithms are a sequence of instructions to solve a problem and take decisions. Online platforms use algorithms in every step of their operations, from search results to payment portals. … Algorithmic transparency in rankings - a possible …