Growth and Development II
Full course description
This block links up to block Growth and Development in year 1 (block 1.1). Once more the stages of life form a connecting thread throughout the block. In the first year the normal procedure of growth and development has already received much attention. In this block we build upon this knowledge and we would also like to get you acquainted with abnormal growth and development. This is done problem based by using cases, in which basic (patho-) physiological processes, diagnostics and treatment are covered. Lectures provide additional knowledge partly by means of patient demonstrations. The first four weeks concern pregnancy, delivery and birth. In the fifth week child development is covered together with some puberty related themes. In week 6 and 7 the central theme is formed by abnormal growth of tissues and treatment for oncological disorders. We close of in the last week of the block with functional changes that occur in ageing.
The block goes through this sequence: from preconception care (healthy pregnancy) via embryonic development and pregnancy and the child's developmental milestones, to aging and death from cancer. Herein comes learned material from year 1 that will be further deepened. In addition, we will show you a small part of the return of these molecular processes during life. For example, some genes that are crucial for embryonic development later in life are responsible for the development of cancer when they mutate, a process that was recognized and described by Rudolf Virchow 150 years ago.
The 'beginning of life' has always been a reason for ethical debates. This applies to a number of developments in healthcare that are discussed in this block: preconception care, medically assisted reproduction and prenatal screening. Can everything be done? What is the responsibility of future parents, doctors and the society?
Course objectives
Anatomy sexual organs (male, female)
Types inheritance (monogenic, multifactorial inheritance, epigenetic phenomena)
Genetic counseling, preconceptional advise
Prenatal diagnostics + screening
Ethical aspects of preconception care and prenatal screening/diagnostics
Normal embryonic development, placentation
Abnormal embryonic development, causes of congenital/hereditary disorders (incl. chromosomal disorders)
Physiology of pregnancy (metabolism, circulation)
Complications during pregnancy
Foetal development, foetal circulation/metabolism
Mechanism, clinical aspects and consequences of (pre)eclampsia
Normal delivery: anatomical, physiological, psychological aspects
Abnormal delivery, abnormal presentation, complications during delivery, asphyxia
Physical examination in newborns, diagnostics (screening, heel prick)
Post-delivery period or puerperium (childbed) and complications (postpartum lability, endometritis, mastitis and thrombosis in the legs)
Feeding: breastfeeding, bottle-feeding
Normal neuromotor development children (von Wiechen classification, etc.)
Normal linguistic development, learning abilities of children
Physiological backgrounds of foetal growth, growth during childhood
Organization youth health care
Development during adolescence
Consequences of adolescent use of alcohol and party drugs
Recognize and diagnose STD’s
Basics of contraception
Etiology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neoplasm (cellular/tissue level, in particular HPV)
Hallmarks of cancer
Carcinogenicity
Cancer heredity
Ethical aspects of oncogenetics
Angiogenesis
Function matrix metalloproteases (MMP’s)
Staging of cancer development
Prognostic and predictive factors in oncology
Metastasis: pathologic and clinical, possible imaging
Treatment indications in oncology (curative, palliative, radical)
Principal treatment possibilities (surgery, radiotherapy, palliation)
Systemic therapy: chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and anti-hormonal therapy
Risk factors (concerning spread of cancer, functional and clinical status like WHO-PFS)
Multi-disciplinary team (surgeons, medical oncologists, radiotherapist, radiologist, pathologist, social worker, specialized nurse, palliative team, pain clinic)treatment
Advanced Care Planning
Indications and regulations regarding palliative sedation and euthanasia
Characteristics and interpretation of diagnostic tests (i.e. validity, sensitivity, specify, prognostic power, reproducibility)